How Does a Thermometer Measure Air Temperature

How warm is it outside? How cold will it be tonight? A thermometer -- an instrument used to measure air temperature—easily tells us this, but how it tells us is another question entirely. To understand how a thermometer works, we need to keep one thing in mind from physics: that a liquid expands in volume (the amount of space it takes up) when its temperature warms and decreases in volume when its temperature cools. When a thermometer is exposed to the atmosphere, the surrounding airs temperature will permeate it, eventually balancing the thermometers temperature with its own—a process whose fancy scientific name is thermodynamic equilibrium. If the thermometer and its inside liquid must warm to reach this equilibrium, the liquid (which will take up more space when warmed) will rise because it is trapped inside of a narrow tube and has nowhere to go but up. Likewise, if the thermometers liquid must cool to reach the airs temperature, the liquid will shrink in volume and lower down the tube. Once the thermometers temperature balances that of the surrounding air, its liquid will stop moving. The physical rise and fall of the liquid inside of a thermometer is only part of what makes it work. Yes, this action tells you that a temperature change is occurring, but without a numerical scale to quantify it, youd be unable to measure just what the temperature change is. In this way, the temperatures attached to a thermometers glass play a key (albeit passive) role. Who invented it: Fahrenheit or Galileo? When it comes to the question of who invented the thermometer, the list of names is endless. Thats because the thermometer developed from a compilation of ideas through the 16th to 18th centuries, starting in the late 1500s when Galileo Galilei developed a device using a water-filled glass tube with weighted glass buoys that would float high in the tube or sink depending on the hotness or coldness of air outside of it (sort of like a lava lamp). His invention was the worlds first thermoscope. In the early 1600s, Venetian scientist and friend to Galileo, Santorio, added a scale to Galileos thermoscope so that the value of temperature change could be interpreted. In doing so, he invented the worlds first primitive thermometer. The thermometer didnt take on the shape we use today until Ferdinando I de Medici redesigned it as a sealed tube having a bulb and stem (and filled with alcohol) in the mid-1600s. Finally, in the 1720s, Fahrenheit took this design and bettered it when he began using mercury (instead of alcohol or water) and fastened his own temperature scale to it. By using mercury (which has a lower freezing point, and whose expansion and contraction is more visible than waters or alcohols), Fahrenheits thermometer allowed temperatures below freezing to be observed and more precise measurements to be observed. And so, Fahrenheits model was accepted as the best. What kind of weather thermometer do you use? Including Fahrenheits glass thermometer, there are 4 main types of thermometers used to take air temperatures: Liquid-in-glass. Also called bulb thermometers, these basic thermometers are still used in Stevenson Screen weather stations nationwide by National Weather Service Cooperative Weather Observers when taking the daily maximum and minimum temperature observations. Theyre made of a glass tube (the stem) with a round chamber (the bulb) at one end that houses the liquid used to measure the temperature. As the temperature changes, the volume of liquid either expands, causing it to climb up into the stem; or contracts, forcing it to shrink back down out of the stem toward the bulb. Hate how fragile these old-fashioned thermometers are? Their glass is actually made very thin on purpose. The thinner the glass, the less material there is for the heat or cold to pass through, and the quicker the liquid responds to that heat or cold—that is, theres less lag. Bi-metallic or spring. The dial thermometer mounted on your house, barn, or in your backyard is a type of bi-metal thermometer. (Your oven and refrigerator thermometers and furnace thermostat are other examples, too.) It uses a strip of two different metals (usually steel and copper) which expand at different rates to sense temperatures. The metals two different expansion rates force the strip to bend one way if heated above its initial temperature, and in the opposite direction if cooled below it. The temperature can be determined by how much the strip/coil has bent. Thermoelectric. Thermoelectric thermometers are digital devices that use an electronic sensor (called a thermistor) to generate an electric voltage. As the electric current travels along a wire, its electrical resistance will change as temperature changes. By measuring this change in resistance the temperature can be calculated.  Ã‚   Unlike their glass and bi-metallic cousins, thermoelectric thermometers are rugged, respond fast, and dont need to be read by human eyes, which makes them perfect for automated use. Thats why theyre the thermometer of choice for automated airport weather stations. (The  National Weather Service uses data from these AWOS and ASOS stations to bring you your current local temperatures.) Wireless personal weather stations also use the thermoelectric technique. Infrared. Infrared thermometers are able to measure the temperature at a distance by detecting how much heat energy (in the invisible infrared wavelength of the light spectrum) an object gives off and calculating a temperature from it. Infrared (IR) satellite imagery—which shows the highest and coldest clouds as a bright white, and low, warm clouds as gray—can be thought of as a kind of cloud thermometer. Now that you know how a thermometer works, watch it closely at these times each day to see what your highest and lowest air temperatures will be. Sources: Srivastava, Gyan P. Surface Meteorological Instruments and Measurement Practices. New Delhi: Atlantic, 2008.

Takng a Look at Robert E. Lee - 636 Words

Robert Edward Lee was born January 19, 1807 at Stratford in Westmoreland County. Continuing in the military tradition of his father, in 1825 Lee entered West Point and graduated second in his class in 1829, without getting single demerit in his four years there. Serving several military positions in Georgia, Virginia, New York, Texas, and Mexico. Over the next 23 years, his reputation as a strong military leader increased in recognition and respectability, and in 1852 he was named superintendent of West Point. From February of 1860 until February of 1861, for one whole year,, Lee commanded the Department of Texas -- the largest number of troops he had ever commanded. Lee had to evaluate his position as a Whig devoted to the Union and as a Virginian. At this point, he did not agree with the political and economic arguments for Southern independence. Though, unfortunate as the choice was, if pressed to choose between fighting for Virginia or for the Union, Lee realized the decision wou ld be simple. Lees loyalties proved to be on the side of the South because of his family tradition in and association with the state of Virginia. Lee was born on a Stratford Hall Plantation in Virginia. The fifth child of Henry â€Å"Light-Horse-Harry† Lee, and his second wife, Anne Hill Carter, His birth date has traditionally been recorded as January 19, 1807, but according to a historian, Lees writings indicate he may have been born the previous year†Ã‚ ¬. Lee often thought of his father as he

Folk Conceptions of Humanness System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Folk Conceptions of Humanness System. Answer: Introduction Cross-cultural Communication is a sharing process of cultural ethics, manner and art of the nations. The relationship development becomes strong through this process and that helps to maintain a good form of communication through this cross-cultural communication. In case of global business, technology or an innovation of one country can extend their market by implementing their business over another company is important. In that case, global business relation, communication improvement and understanding of the communication are the most important aspect of the business. In this case Mary, an Australian girl wants to spread her business in China. The cultural development of China is completely different and that is the main concern for Mary. Mr. Lau is the person with whom Mary is going to meet. Thus some of the Chinese etiquette Mary has to know so that business can illustrate in China. Possible penetration of "The Aroma Shop" condiments is the concern matter for Mary as the taste of the products is completely different. In case of the business relation and management political, sociological and economic factor is important for the distribution of the product and Mary thinks over the matter in a deeper way. The essay signifies the possible penetration of The Aroma Shop and also state about the Chinese business etiquettes. The cultural differences of both the countries are aligned through HOFSTEDE model and that is the best possible way of understating the cross-cultural effectiveness in communication. In case of business administration, cross-cultural communication is a barrier and that provides a negative impact on the business. The socialization thought always influences inter-cultural communication and through this kind of communication, the business development has started. Ethnocentrism is a process dealing with competition and set the parameter of production and the quality in an organization. A sensitive look at people culture and their need from the market is the essential factor in business and that executed in form of the presentable way. There are some initial challenges that come in case of interacting with local people at the start of the business (So, Y.L. and Walker, A., 2013). But recruitment of local people is a good strategy that helps the cultural aspect and communication development of the business. The culture, morality, ethics, law, political situation, economy, market standard, product culture, art, custom, belief and knowledge all these things need to know about the penetrating country as business spreads their development in a globalised way so this is a good thinking to adopt all the situation within the business. The future of business will enhance if resulting extracts are positive and attitudes are good in case of communication is also reflects the execution of better business standard. Etiquettes in Chinese behaviour are quite relevant that all the etiquettes signify properly. The situation of Chinese people and their business meeting and all other work analysis evolve some manner or etiquettes which are important for Mary as well. In case of business mentality, they maintain a strong relationship with the stakeholders. In any case, the business is proceeding this good relationship help them to understand the value of the work. In any meeting, Chinese people expect a well-prepared person (Saunders, M.N., 2012). They also want that the person will start the meeting with a flamboyance that signifies the trust and belief of the person over the situation. Introducing the meeting in a fluent way and have enough knowledge about all situations are the concern matter for the meeting in China. A good listening power and composure along with that is the concern matter for the business as well and that resulted in the better decision-making situation. Chinese people are takin g lots of time in discussing as they analyse all the matter with significant way. Chinese people always maintain a queue of entry in case of entering a meeting. The process of a queue is in hierarchical order starting from the managers or executives. The people in China also used to take almost 2 hours of the break for their refreshment (Okoro, E., 2012). In case of the courtesy process, they used to take the surnames to show respect for the person and through the last name they interact with the people through the last name. In case of greeting, the handshake is the option that they used to do with people in case of the meeting or in the organisation. To show respect to another people Chinese people are used to saying a couple of words for their deeds. This is a kind of respect that they want to convey to another person. This is considered as a process of appreciation. In case of pleasantries, situation understanding and making a bonding with other people in the workplace is another way of organisational development. To mitigate the conflict situation is the organisation, political discussions are not allowed in office and that signifies a strong negative statement that something is not allowed in the company. In case of etiquette related to the body language, the clam and controlled behaviour of them is always approachable (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). The people of China used to wear formals and they have self-control and the good approach to talking. In case of belching and slurping of taking foods, they liver the situation very much and they have their good time at that moment. In case of deal signing section, a good bondi ng needs to be there and the bonding does not form the financial end but also from the mental appreciation also. These are things Mary needs to know about China before meeting Mr. Lau. These etiquettes will help Mary to understand the situation of China and the approach that Chinese people deed in case of meeting situation. HOFSTEDE model shows the cultural difference between two nation likely Australia and China. In case of Power distance, Australia has more communication efficacy and they do not have the power relationship with employees and manager, in case of China the situation of power distance is very much relevant as the positional grip and leading ego present in this leaders, nature. In case of Individualism, people of Australia have this opportunity to live their life independently. In the broader perspective the situation in which organisation has taken the views of employees and that showcases commitment to the organisation and through this process, innovative decisions will come (Harzing et al. 2012). On the other hand, collectivist cultural enforcement and the co-operative relationship are not present in China. Owner of the company or leader takes decision and employees have to take the decision by any means. In case of masculinity, workplace promotion, hiring and behavioural aspect of the concerned way cultural communication. Australian organisation motivates their people by rewards and recognition and on the other hand, they want the productivity from those people. In China, the people are basically success-driven and they got their motivation from their leader as well, the cultural gaining and future improvement of the work are important in that section. In case of uncertainty avoidance, workplace belief and situation is the most influencing matter for the business (Liu 2013). China has more control in respect of Australia in that case and this control situation handling is important for the development of cultural commitment. In long-term orientation, the dealing nature of future understanding and improve the scenario of the present situation is the concern matter of a nation. Australia has no such situational planning for the future and on the other hand, China thinks almost four times better than Australia in case future business, education and other associated aspects. In case of indulge situation, Australia is far better than China, in case of desire, possessing and positive attitude is the concerning aspect that maintains a good relationship (Goodrich and De Mooij 2014). The interaction is more positive and open-minded conversation can be possible in Australia, however in case of China some crucial moments have to face by China through the situation. Recommendation Open minded conversation is important for the cross-cultural communication. Knowledge about the new business place is always essential for the development of good business culture. Sometimes, non-verbal communication and decision-making statements can be understood by the helpful non-veal communication between people and that impact on the crucial business decision making a case (Bain et al. 2012). Knowledge about the cultural background of the company and training and development for the other nation's language is also important for the development of a business. Following the steps of etiquettes and place the right thing at right time for the development of bonding also stated as the recommendation in cultural acceleration as well as business. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that business in other country is depending on the cultural background and cross-communication efficiency. China's etiquettes and possible penetration issues of The Aroma Shop condiments are delivered here in this along with the HOFSTEDE cultural difference between the nations of Australia and China. In this case, Mary has to preserve all these etiquettes when the gathering will arrange by Mr. Lau. The non-verbal attitude and recommended possibilities are also delivered in this essay so that Mary will place the meeting properly and Chinese people can taste condiments from The Aroma Shop. References Bain, P., Vaes, J., Kashima, Y., Haslam, N. and Guan, Y., 2012. Folk conceptions of humanness: Beliefs about distinctive and core human characteristics in Australia, Italy, and China.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,43(1), pp.53-58. Goodrich, K. and De Mooij, M., 2014. How socialare social media? A cross-cultural comparison of online and offline purchase decision influences.Journal of Marketing Communications,20(1-2), pp.103-116. Harzing, A.W., Brown, M., Kster, K. and Zhao, S., 2012. Response style differences in cross-national research.Management International Review,52(3), pp.341-363. Liu, H., 2013.Chinese business: Landscapes and strategies. Routledge.Chaney, L. and Martin, J., 2013.Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Okoro, E., 2012. Cross-cultural etiquette and communication in global business: Toward a strategic framework for managing corporate expansion.International journal of business and management,7(16), p.130. Saunders, M.N., 2012. Organizational trust: A cultural perspective.Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal,26(2). So, Y.L. and Walker, A., 2013.Explaining guanxi: The Chinese business network. Routledge. Triandis, H.C., 2018.Individualism and collectivism. Routledge.